This paper is about ethics in the everyday practice of disaster studies. The research they do can also have emotional, psychological and moral impacts on the researchers themselves due to their proximity to death, injury and the pain and suffering of others. As such, researchers can be part of disaster risk creation ( Lewis and Kelman, 2012 Wisner and Lavell, 2017). Populations affected by disaster can be traumatized, researchers can put themselves at risk, and research activities can interfere and affect post-disaster operations ( Hunt et al., 2016 Kathleen Geale, 2012 Kelman, 2005 Sumathipala and Siribaddana, 2005). Researching disasters often means working with people who are vulnerable at different levels. for the people, places and dynamics under study. This paper contributes to debates on ethics with a focus on the implications of research practices for research participants, i.e. All research endeavours have to balance the benefits of the research against the personal and political risks and ramifications of the research process ( Cutcliffe and Ramcharan, 2002 Hilhorst et al., 2016 Liamputtong, 2007 Paradis, 2000). A failure to engage with these concerns may perpetuate power imbalances and lead to re-traumatization or research fatigue ( Cronin-Furman and Lake, 2018 Patel et al., 2020). Nonetheless, decolonization and concomitant concern over inequitable relations between and among research institutes, researchers and other stakeholders the physical and psychological well-being of research participants, collaborators, assistants and researchers and the imposition of methods, frameworks and epistemologies to the study of disasters crafted in minority world organizations continue to be of chief importance. The Periperi U network of disaster scholars has spread from South Africa across the African continent, and the Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network (ADRRN) gathers researchers and practitioners from 20 countries across the Asia-Pacific region. Critical disaster studies have been pioneered by La Red in Latin America, and the early proponents of citizenry-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the Philippines have been at the cradle of the global DRR movement. It is important to acknowledge here that major disaster studies scholars and institutions are found in the majority world. The manifesto situates the ethics of disaster studies in debates over its decolonization. This reflects a wider move in the field of disaster studies to “examine our own practices in terms of how equitable and ethically justifiable they are” ( Alexander et al., 2021, p. The manifesto, Power, Prestige and Forgotten Values: A Disaster Studies Manifesto, advocates “rethinking our research agendas, our methods and our allocation of resources” ( Gaillard, 2019a). In 2020, we joined hundreds of scholars in signing a manifesto for inclusive disaster and risk research.
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The risk of death from COVID-19 decreases drastically as age decreases, and the longer-term effects of the inoculations on lower age groups will increase their risk-benefit ratio, perhaps substantially.Copyright © 2021, Rodrigo Mena and Dorothea Hilhorst License
Most importantly, the clinical trials did not address long-term effects that, if serious, would be borne by children/adolescents for potentially decades.Ī novel best-case scenario cost-benefit analysis showed very conservatively that there are five times the number of deaths attributable to each inoculation vs those attributable to COVID-19 in the most vulnerable 65+ demographic. Further, the clinical trials did not address changes in biomarkers that could serve as early warning indicators of elevated predisposition to serious diseases. Clinical trials for these inoculations were very short-term (a few months), had samples not representative of the total population, and for adolescents/children, had poor predictive power because of their small size. The bulk of the normalized post-inoculation deaths also occur in the elderly with high comorbidities, while the normalized post-inoculation deaths are small, but not negligible, in children. The bulk of the official COVID-19-attributed deaths per capita occur in the elderly with high comorbidities, and the COVID-19 attributed deaths per capita are negligible in children. This article examines issues related to COVID-19 inoculations for children.